سیستم‌های اطلاعاتی و پایگاه داده در جنگل‌‌داری
چکیده
سیستم‌های اطلاعاتی و پایگاه داده در جنگل‌‌داری
چکیده
برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریت جنگل
محصولات غیرچوبی جنگلها و مراتع زاگرس (طریقۀ بهره برداری، موارد مصرف و خواص داروئی آنها
چکیده
محصولات غیرچوبی جنگلها و مراتع زاگرس (طریقۀ بهره برداری، موارد مصرف و خواص داروئی آنها
چکیده
مقدمه‌ای بر اقتصاد جنگل
Drivers for national forest lands seizure by rural communities in Central Zagros regions: A factor analysis
Abstract
Drivers for national forest lands seizure by rural communities in Central Zagros regions: A factor analysis
One of the most important current issues and problems of natural resources management in Iran is the destruction and seizure of national forest lands and rangelands in various ways. This problem can have several reasons, which need to be scientifically surveyed for each region individually. This research was designed to assess the economic, social, cultural and legal factors as main underlying drivers of land seizure in rural communities of Zagros regions in I.R. Iran. The study utilized a mixed research methodology based on an exploratory case study and a descriptive-explanatory survey. This methodology was conducted using the techniques of documents analysis, direct observation of land seizure in Zagros region, semi-structured and structured interviews using a questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of 80 households with a history of seizing and occupation of national lands in the villages of study area which all of them were questioned. The results of factor and regression analysis showed that economic components (with beta coefficient of 0.881) such as poverty, unemployment, low income and lack of permanent jobs have the most impacts on the destruction and seizure of national lands and socio-cultural components (with beta coefficient of 0.797) are at the next levels. In addition, the results of this survey revealed that legal issues such as the weakness of existing laws and the weakness of custodians to conserve and protect national resources had the least effect in comparison with other factors. Considering the increasing destruction and degradation of the national lands in Iran, in order to preserve the existing land and prevent the increase in the degradation and seizure of forests and rangelands, the conservation plans of the government and the authorities of natural resources protection should be aimed at improving the livelihoods of rural communities and creating sustainable jobs.
Assessing synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services in forest landscape management
Abstract
Assessing synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services in forest landscape management
Human induced land use changes affect the provisioning of ecosystem services and may follow some economic rationale. Allocation of limited natural resources to different land utilization forms is the ultimate management problem for sustainable development. This study attempts to analyses the current land-use allocation systems in the Zagros area of western Iran suffering from soil erosion and water yielding problems and providing crucial economic benefits for local communities. Therefore, a comprehensive study using multiple advanced methods is needed to examine the ways land-use allocation can be enhanced with respect to multiple ecosystem services. For this, we have considered four ecosystem services, namely water yield, prevention of soil erosion, carbon sequestration and marketable products (wood, food). The economic efficiency (marketable production) of four different and competing land-uses, i.e. forest, pasture, orchard, and agriculture, were calculated applying a direct market valuation. To estimate the provision of ecosystem services, natural capital project tools InVEST and MPSIAC were used to model water production and total carbon budget (aerial biomass, underground, litter and soil), respectively. A Land-Use Conflict Identification Strategy model was used to classify Synergies and Trade- offs between the ecosystem services. A map was then developed to illustrate the spatial distribution of services, their provision levels, and to better understand trade-offs and synergies among a bundle of ecosystem services. To select sample points, a systematic random network was implemented on the map of the region and 533 sample points were selected. We used these sample points to assess the provision of ecosystem services and their synergies and trade-offs. To account for decision-makers’ preferences about the ecosystem services, a non- linear programming method was used to optimize multi-objective land-use allocation by weighing multi- objective benefits from ecosystem services at the landscape level.
Biomass and carbon stocks in three types of Persian oak (Quercus brantii var. persica) forests in a semi-arid area, Iran
Abstract
Biomass and carbon stocks in three types of Persian oak (Quercus brantii var. persica) forests in a semi-arid area, Iran
Persian oak (Quercus brantii var. persica) is a dominant tree species of Zagros forests in a semi-arid area, western Iran. However, the capacity of biomass and carbon stocks of these forests is not well studied. We selected three types (seed-originated tree, coppice tree and mixed (seed-originated and coppice) tree) of Persian oak of Zagros forests in Dalab valley, Ilam Province, Iran to survey the capacity of biomass and carbon stocks in 2018. Thirty sample plots of 1000 m2 were systematically and randomly assigned to each forest type. Quantitative characteristics of trees, such as diameter at breast height (DBH), height, crown diameter and the number of sprouts in each sample plot were measured. Then, aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB), aboveground carbon stock (AGCS) and belowground carbon stock (BGCS) of each tree in plots were calculated using allometric equations. The litterfall biomass (LFB) and litterfall carbon stock (LFCS) were measured in a quadrat with 1 m×1 m in each plot. One-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA) and Duncan's test were performed to detect the biomass and carbon stock differences among the three forest types. Results showed that AGB, BGB and BGCS were significantly different among the three forest types. The highest values of AGB, AGCS, BGB and BGCS in seed-originated forest were 76,043.25, 14,725.55, 36,737.79 and 7362.77 kg/hm2, respectively. Also, the highest values of LFB and LFCS in seed-originated forest were 3298.33 and 1520.48 kg/hm2, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the other two forest types. The results implies the significant role of seed-originated oaks for the regeneration of Zagros forests. Further conservation strategy of seed-originated oaks is an important step in the sustainable management of Zagros forests in Iran
Estimation of Semiarid Forest Canopy Cover Using Optimal Field Sampling and Satellite Data with Machine Learning Algorithms
Abstract
Estimation of Semiarid Forest Canopy Cover Using Optimal Field Sampling and Satellite Data with Machine Learning Algorithms
Forest canopy cover represents different characteristics of forest stands. However, especially in semiarid forest, the estimation of canopy cover by field measurements is so expensive. Therefore, it is necessary to develop appropriate techniques to estimate forest canopy cover for using in forest management in semiarid areas. In this research, a robust procedure to estimate canopy cover using stratification field sampling and AdaBoostM1 machine learning algorithm with Landsat 8 OLI imagery is suggested. Approximately, 29000 ha of semiarid forest (Manesht and Ghelarang protected area) in west of Iran was selected as the study area. The unsupervised classification was used on NDVI layer extracted from OLI data and NEYMAN method was applied for allocating, in stratified areas. The crown cover was measured in percentage in each plot. In inaccessible plots, the optical satellite imagery of Worldview-2 from Google Earth database were used (0.46 m spatial resolution). For the classification of canopy cover, the AdaBoostM1 algorithm with random forest classifier trained by 75% split original data; while 25% reminder data was used for accuracy assessment using ROC curve, TP (True Positive), FP (False Positive), OA (overall accuracy) and K (kappa coefficient). The results showed the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient 91% and 0.88 respectively. Based on the results, the methodology developed in this study is suitable to estimate canopy cover in semiarid forests.
Soil properties and carbon sequestration in Persian oak (Quercus brantii var. persica) forests, Iran
Abstract
Soil properties and carbon sequestration in Persian oak (Quercus brantii var. persica) forests, Iran
One of the important issues both in the political discussion about climate change and in forest ecosystem research is carbon sequestration. In this paper, we estimated soil carbon sequestration (SCS) in two Persian oak forest stands of different origin (seed and coppice). Soil samples were taken at two soil depths (0–15 and 15–30 cm) and locations (under the tree crown and open area) in each oak stand. Results showed that surface layers (0–15 cm) had the highest soil carbon sequestration ranging from 41.2 t·ha–1 to 47.9 t·ha–1 for both oak forests. The total SCS was higher (between 79.5 and 89.07 t·ha–1) in open areas of the two forest stands than under the crowns of oak trees. Finally, the amount of total SCS in seed originated forest (SOF) (86.52 t·ha–1) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than in coppice forest (CF) (77.70 t·ha–1). The results indicate that a relatively large proportion of C loss in CF is due to overgrazing, forest degradation and conversion to coppice forests in the study area.
A hidden harvest from semi-arid forests: landscape-level livelihood contributions in Zagros, Iran
Abstract
A hidden harvest from semi-arid forests: landscape-level livelihood contributions in Zagros, Iran
In a forest-scarce country like Iran, the open semi-arid Zagros forests are the single-most important forest region, yet their contribution to rural livelihoods remains inadequately understood. Here our primary focus is on analyzing the quantitative contributions of these oak-pistachio tree savannas to rural household incomes in Malekshahi County, Ilam Province, considering both cash and subsistence sources, and direct as well as indirect incomes. Direct forest-extractive incomes prove to be comparatively small (6% of household incomes), and are dominated by foods (wild vegetables, pistachios, and fruits), fuels, and livestock feeds. However, forest incomes are egalitarian in distribution, and strategic in their nature: they keep one-fifth of households from falling below the poverty line. The poorest are thus also more forest- and firewood-reliant, but more surprisingly, so are specialized pastoralists. Moreover, indirect benefits in terms of forest inputs into agriculture are crucial: 20–25% of the crops are planted in tree savannas generating 7–9% of household incomes. All forests support goat and sheep grazing in the dry season as a vital refuge of vegetation resources, likely with an even higher value of household income (around 10%). Future research should look closer into those forest-farm linkages.
Effect of Land Uses on Aboveground Biomass and Carbon Pools in Zagros Forests, Iran
Abstract
Effect of Land Uses on Aboveground Biomass and Carbon Pools in Zagros Forests, Iran
Aims Different types of land use have different effects on carbon stored in their pools and Co2 emissions. We compared carbon storage in different pools (tree, litter and soil) across main land-uses Mishkhas watershed in the northeast of Ilam province, Iran. Materials & Methods Oak forest, (Quercus brantii Lindl.) (Lu-F) and orchard (Juglans regia L. (Lu-O) in four different ages) were determined for estimation of carbon stocks in tree biomass, the litter and 20 cm depth of soils in two land uses. Findings The results showed that total carbon stocks in Lu-O ecosystem (68.75 Mg ha-1) was significantly higher than Lu-F (41.22 Mg ha-1). In general, soil at the two land-uses was main carbon pool as estimated about 91% and (37.61 Mg ha-1) and 82% (57.01Mg ha-1) of the total carbon stocks in Lu-F and Lu-O, respectively. The above ground biomass of trees was as second carbon pool, contained a lower contribution of total carbon stocks (roughly 6% and 15% in forest and orchard ecosystems). The least carbon storage i.e., about 2% of the total carbon stocks in Lu-F and Lu-O occurred in litter due to the grazing intensity. Conclusions As a conclusions, our findings confirm that land use type can significantly effect on carbon stocks in different pools. Therefore, management strategies are needed to enhance the forest carbon sequestration in Mishkhas watershed of Ilam province.
Annual Water Yield Estimation for Different Land uses of Mish-khas Catchment in Ilam City Using a GIS-based InVEST Model
Abstract
Annual Water Yield Estimation for Different Land uses of Mish-khas Catchment in Ilam City Using a GIS-based InVEST Model
Fresh water supply and its security are facing a high level of fluctuating variability under global climate change. To address these concerns in catchment water management, a good understanding of land use/cover impacts on the hydrological cycle affecting water supply is crucial. The objective of this study is defined as to model the impact of existing land use/cover on water yielding in Mish-khas catchment of Zagros region, Western IRAN. In this research, a water yield model of Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) was employed to estimate annual water yield in the catchments as a basic foundation for policy and decision making. The input data set included land use/cover layers of the region, produced in 2016, average annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration from 1986–2016, soil depth, plant available water content and land use/cover bio-physical database. Based on the results, the total annual water yield was estimated 30209321 m3 for the whole Mish-khas catchment. Thepercent of annual water yield for rangeland, forest, farmland and orchards landuses were 57%, 31%, 8.6% and 3.4% of the total water yield of the catchment, respectively. In addition, the results showed that the farmland had the highest water yield per hectare (2449 m3/ha) followed by forests (2269 m3/ha), orchards (2254 m3/ha) and rangeland (2196 m3/ha) land uses. In terms of water distribution, the northern regions with a volume of 2315 m3 per hectare had more water yield than the southern regions (2210 m3 per hectare). The results also indicate that a GIS-based InVEST model is helpful instrument to identify more suitable areas for water-table recharge.
Potential of Lead and Cadmium Accumulation in Washingtonia filifera
Abstract
Potential of Lead and Cadmium Accumulation in Washingtonia filifera
In present study one year old Washingtonia filifera was used to determine the comparative study of uptake of the toxic heavy metals Cd and Pb. Seedlings were evaluated under 0, 50, 250 and 500 mg dm-3 concentrations of both heavy metals for 45 days. Some growth parameters such as shoots and roots length, collar diameter, fresh and dry weights and also uptake of heavy metals were determined in response to Cd and Pb stress. Results showed that Cd and Pb treatments decreased growth parameters and Cd was found to be more detrimental than Pb treatments. The total fresh and dry weights and plant height were lower by 50%, 56%, 55% and 17%, 18%, 30% in Cd and Pb treatments, respectively, compared with the control. The amounts of accumulated Pb and particularly Cd were much higher in the roots than in aboveground parts of all treatments. W. filifera accumulated large amounts of the toxic heavy metals Cd (1166–5800 mg kg-1) and Pb (826–2433 mg kg-1) in roots and about 4046 mg kg-1 of Cd and 1873 mg kg-1 of Pb were determined in aboveground parts. Based on calculated Bio-Concentration Factor and Translocation Factor values, W. filifera has the potential for phytostabilization programs. Also it was found to be the candidate for phytoremediation programs of polluted soils with Cd better than Pb.
Evaluation of forest fire risk using the Apriori algorithm and fuzzy c-means clustering
Abstract
Evaluation of forest fire risk using the Apriori algorithm and fuzzy c-means clustering
In this study we evaluated forest fire risk in the west of Iran using the Apriori algorithm and fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering. We used twelve different input parameters to model fire risk in Ilam Province. Our results with minimum support and minimum confidence show strong relationships between wildfire occurrence and eight variables (distance from settlement, population density, distance from road, slope, standing dead oak trees, temperature, land cover and distance from farm land). In this study, we defined three clusters for each variable: low, middle and high. The data regarding the factors affecting forest fire risk were distributed in these three clusters with different degrees of membership and the final map of all factors was classified by FCM clustering. Each layer was then created in a geographic information system. Finally, wildfire risks in the area obtained from overlaying these layers were classified into five categories, from very low to very high according to the degree of danger.
Determination of suitable areas for reforestation and afforestation with indigenous species
Abstract
Determination of suitable areas for reforestation and afforestation with indigenous species
To be successful in tree establishment, an assessment of land suitability would be necessary. The aim of this study was determining the potential habitats of three native tree species (Quercus persica, Pistacia atlantica, Amygdalous scoparia) in Siahkoh region of Ilam County, using Boolean method and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). For this regard, the slope, aspect and hypsometric maps of the area were produced using topographic maps. To provide soil properties maps, 40 soil samples in depth of 30 cm were randomly taken from the defined region (about 954 ha). Soil sample properties such as pH, texture, electrical conductivity, and organic material were measured. Soil maps and soil data layers were produced in GIS environment. With respect to ecological needs of the selected tree species and combining of all provided maps, about 890 ha of the total area could be reforested or afforested. The results show that from the total suitable area, 368.72 ha (41.41 %) for Quercus persica, 353.44 ha (36.69 %) for Pistacia atlantica and 176.2 ha (19.78 %) for Amygdalus scoparia were found to be suitable for these species. The results of comparing the extracted suitability map with the existing 30 ha afforestation in the region show that, from 10 hectares afforested by each species, Quercus persica, Pistacia atlantica and Amygdalus scoparia 7.65, 3.11 and 4.25 ha are located in the high suitable areas, respectively.
Differential expression of Lead accumulation during two growing seasons by desert shrub Acacia victoriae L.
Abstract
Differential expression of Lead accumulation during two growing seasons by desert shrub Acacia victoriae L.
In desert reclamation strainer plants can be used for improvement and decrease pollution of soil and water. This technology can be used to remove both inorganic and organic contaminants in soil. In this study, one year old Acacia victoriae seedlings were exposed to Pb (NO3)2 in 5 different concentrations; 0, 50, 250, 500 and 1000 mg Pb L-1 for 45 days in two growing seasons. Subsequently, the heavy metal concentrations were measured in different plant tissues by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) for two growing periods. In addition, some physiological and morphological parameters (root and plant length, root diameter, leave area, dry weight, chlorophyll a, b and total) were measured. Based on the results, the visible toxicity symptoms (chlorosis and necrosis) appeared only to the highest concentration (1000 mg Pb L−1) in both growing seasons. The results also showed that application highest concentration of Pb reduced the physiological and morphological parameters as compared to the control seedlings. The accumulation of Pb was influenced by the Pb concentration in the growth medium and the growing seasons as well. With respect to the more accumulation of Pb in the roots tissues than aboveground tissues, indicating A.victoriae as a good option for phytostabilization of Pb contaminated soils. Furthermore if A.victoriae is planted for Pb phytoextraction, therefore the harvest of aboveground should be done at the fall season. Meanwhile concentrations of Pb in the aboveground parts were more than roots at the fall season. In conclusion A.victoriae a native to the arid zone appeared to be hyper tolerate, accumulate high concentrations of Pb and it could be regarded as a potential accumulator. In addition A.victoriae have high application value in repairing Pb contaminated soils and is suitable and effective choice to be used as a tool of phytoremediation in industrial sites of the arid zones. Our findings suggest that A.victoriae has the advantages of high capacity fo
The economic, social, and ecological impacts of wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf.) oleo-gum resin extraction cooperatives in Zagros forests, Ilam province, Iran
Abstract
The economic, social, and ecological impacts of wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf.) oleo-gum resin extraction cooperatives in Zagros forests, Ilam province, Iran
One of the most economically important non-wood forest products (NWFPs) of Zagros forests in the west of Iran is an oleo-gum resin called ‘Saqez’, extracted from wild pistachio trees (Pistacia atlantica Desf.). Cooperatives were created about 20 years ago to organize Saqez exploitation by local communities and to decrease the related ecological threats on the Zagros forests. The aim of this research was to evaluate the economic, social, and ecological impacts of Saqez extraction cooperatives in Ilam province. Thirteen active cooperatives in the county of Malekshahi were selected for data collection and to conduct interviews with 72 randomly selected members. Our results show that none of the Saqez cooperatives in the studied areas could reach their intended purposes, that is, the enhancement of local livelihood and the sustainable management of the forest in general and of the pistachio trees in particular. Major causes for this failure were: cooperative members did not directly participate in the Saqez extraction activities, most members received no benefit from their cooperatives, most extractors used unsustainable tapping methods, and cooperatives did not control tapping. Our results thus show that continuing Saqez exploitation based on the current practices could cause irreparable damages to pistachio trees and the Zagros forests, without any benefit for local livelih