Publication

Abstract

Pre-harvest and pulse treatments of spermine, γ- and β-aminobutyric acid increased antioxidant activities and extended the vase life of gerbera cut flowers ‘Stanza’

Capitulum wilting and neck bending are the two important complications that impair the post-harvest quality and vase life of the gerbera cut flowers. The present study investigates the effects of pre- and post-harvest treatments of spermine (SPER), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) on the vase life, qualitative features and enzyme activity of gerbera cut flowers ‘Stanza’. The pre-harvest treatments (1 mM doses) were applied by foliar spraying, and the post-harvest were by pulse treatment (5 mM doses). The flowers kept their quality longer in pre and post SPER and GABA treatments. The longest vase life was recorded in pre-SPER (14 days) and pre-GABA (13 days) compared to BABA treatments and controls (9 days). Neck bending was observed more frequently in controls whereas SPER and GABA showed a lower neck bending rate at 9 days after harvest. The highest vase solution uptake, total soluble solids, total flavonoid, total protein, the activities of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and ascorbate peroxidase, besides the lowest neck bending, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, H2O2 and polyphenol oxidase activity were observed in pre-SPER treatment and subsequently in pre-GABA. Pre- and post-harvest treatments with β-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) had no significant effects on cut flowers compared to SPER and GABA, although showed slightly better effects than water control. It is therefore suggested that pre-harvest treatment using SPER and GABA can improve the vase life and quality of gerbera cut flowers.

Abstract

Genetic diversity of dog rose (Rosa canina L.) using ISSR markers

Dog Rose is one of the most important species in Rosaceae family used as a medicinal plant and a rootstock for ornamental roses. This species is native to Iran, therefore, identification of indigenous genotypes of this species is important for genetic preservation or breeding purposes. Genetic diversity estimation of plant materials is one of the important pre-breeding activities in breeding crops. In this study, genetic variation of 23 genotypes of R. canina was investigated using fifteen ISSR markers. The genotypes were collected from three regions of Ardabil province (Namin, Nir and Khalkhal). The results showed that all primers generated clear and consistent polymorphic bands (77% polymorphism) but, ISSR-15 revealed a high numbers of polymorphic bands and was superior to other markers. Also, the ISSR-15 produced the highest number of polymorphic bands with seven scorable bands, while the UBC-823 and UBC-825 markers had the least number of bands (3 bands). The clustering pattern of genotypes was related to geographic regions. The genotypes from Khalkhal region were separated from other genotypes (Nir and Namin genotypes) in cluster analysis. The results of the current study indicated that the ISSR markers separated genotypes based on geographic region. The best way to select parents is to use genotypes with high genetic distances. Therefore, we determined the genetic distance among genotypes. According to the results, ISSR is an efficient marker system that can provide excellent information among R. canina genotypes. Finally, the obtained results indicated that the R. canina genotypes investigated in this research have a wide genetic diversity.

Abstract

Influence of nano-silica and humic acid on physiological characteristics of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L.) under salinity stress

This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of water salinity and nano-silica (NS) and humic acid (HA) on Bermuda grass. The study was carried out under greenhouse and exterior space conditions in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangements. Treatments included 4 water salinity levels (0, 5, 7 and 9 dS/m) and 4 level of NS (0, 1, 2 and 3 mm/l) as well as 4 level of HA (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/l). Results indicated a decrease in chlorophyll content, and increase in proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and electrolyte leakage (EL) with increasing levels of salinity. The chlorophyll content in greenhouse and exterior space also increased with increasing levels of NS and HA, while proline in two environments, with increasing levels of NS and HA decreased. EL with increasing levels of NS fluctuated, but with increasing levels of HA, it decreased in two environments. With increasing levels of NS, CAT in both environments was eventually decreased after the oscillation, but there was no particular trend in HA levels. With increasing levels of NS and HA, MDA in the greenhouse decreased and in the exterior space – it increased. Finally, by increasing levels of NS and HA, SOD did not show any change in the greenhouse condition, but in the exterior space, the SOD was decreased.

Abstract

Evaluation of genetic stability using FRAPD markers as novel method along with antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties of micropropagated Salacia chinensis L.

Salacia chinensis L., a perennial medicinal plant, is well-known for its well-documented anti-diabetic properties. The daily growing demand in pharmaceutical industry is stimulating the conservation and wide-ranging production of the plant using plant tissue culture techniques (micropropagation). In the present study, the plants generated by direct micropropagation from nodal explants were assessed using fluorescently labeled RAPD (FRAPD) primers. Although standard RAPD primer bands in agarose gel showed genetic stability, using FRAPD analysis in genetic DNA sequencer as a novel strategy showed more accurate and reliable method has indicated by the evidence in 5% genetic variation. Antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of micropropagated plants versus mother plant were examined using DPPH, FRAP, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase assays. The results showed that the micropropagated plants, which are able to produce higher amount of secondary metabolites than the mother plant, possess higher in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties.

Abstract

Pre-harvest CaCl2 and GA3 treatments improve postharvest quality of green bell peppers (Capsicum annum L.) during storage period

The present study investigated the effects of CaCl2 (0.5%) and GA₃ (0.05 g L−1) pre-harvest treatments both at two (2T) and three spraying times (3T) on some qualitative characteristics of green bell pepper stored for 0, 10 and 20 d at 1 and 10 °C. The purpose of this study was to mitigate postharvest lesions and increase chilling injury resistance in peppers. Weight loss, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), vitamin C (VitC), phenolics, electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), chilling injury, chlorophyll and calcium contents, peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and antioxidant activities were measured. The highest and lowest weight losses were observed after 20 d at 1 and 10 °C on control and CaCl2 treatments respectively. The highest (30.8 at 1 and 21.4 N at 10 °C) and lowest (23.5 at 1 and 14.2 N at 10 °C) firmness was measured in fruit from the CaCl2 (3T) treatment and control, respectively. The amount of VitC and phenolics were higher in the control compared to all other treatments. After 20 d, the highest amount of MDA and EL, as well as the lowest amounts of calcium were measured in the control, gibberellin and calcium treatments, respectively. Chilling injury increased after 20 d of storage at 1 °C. However, all treatments with no significant difference had less chilling injury and TSS and more antioxidant enzymes (POD and CAT) and chlorophyll than the control. The results reveal that all CaCl2 and GA₃ treatments increased overall quality of pepper at harvest time and preserved the quality and reduced the chilling injury during the storage period. Hence, these treatments can be commercially effective strategy to improve shelf life and maintain the quality of green bell pepper fruit during harvest and postharvest.

Abstract

Pre-harvest CaCl2 and GA3 treatments improve postharvest quality of green bell peppers (Capsicum annum L.) during storage period

The present study investigated the effects of CaCl2 (0.5%) and GA₃ (0.05 g L−1) pre-harvest treatments both at two (2T) and three spraying times (3T) on some qualitative characteristics of green bell pepper stored for 0, 10 and 20 d at 1 and 10 °C. The purpose of this study was to mitigate postharvest lesions and increase chilling injury resistance in peppers. Weight loss, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), vitamin C (VitC), phenolics, electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), chilling injury, chlorophyll and calcium contents, peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and antioxidant activities were measured. The highest and lowest weight losses were observed after 20 d at 1 and 10 °C on control and CaCl2 treatments respectively. The highest (30.8 at 1 and 21.4 N at 10 °C) and lowest (23.5 at 1 and 14.2 N at 10 °C) firmness was measured in fruit from the CaCl2 (3T) treatment and control, respectively. The amount of VitC and phenolics were higher in the control compared to all other treatments. After 20 d, the highest amount of MDA and EL, as well as the lowest amounts of calcium were measured in the control, gibberellin and calcium treatments, respectively. Chilling injury increased after 20 d of storage at 1 °C. However, all treatments with no significant difference had less chilling injury and TSS and more antioxidant enzymes (POD and CAT) and chlorophyll than the control. The results reveal that all CaCl2 and GA₃ treatments increased overall quality of pepper at harvest time and preserved the quality and reduced the chilling injury during the storage period. Hence, these treatments can be commercially effective strategy to improve shelf life and maintain the quality of green bell pepper fruit during harvest and postharvest.

Abstract

INSECTICIDAL EFFECT OF EXTRACTS FROM SIX NATIVE PLANTS ON Bemisia tabaci AND SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON CUCUMBER AS HOST PLANT

In this study, we investigated the effect of six endemic plants extracts (i.e. Saturejasahendica, S.khuzistanica, Scrophulariastriata, Thymbraspicata, Oliveriadecumbensand Vitexagnuscastus) as well as commercial insecticide (Acetamiprid: Mospilan®) against Bemisiatabaci(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)and some physiological responses in cucumber as host plants. The plant extracts and Acetamipridas chemical pesticide were sprayed on the plants with 250, 500 and 1000 ppm concentrations. All the extracts exhibited significantly different mortality of adults as compared with the control. The extracts of O. decumbensshowed the high mortality percentage of adult population as compared with other treatments. Results showed that the application of extracts and pesticide, especially in high concentrations,showed negative effects on plant and significantly increased malondialdehyde(MDA) accumulation and chlorophyll, proline and carbohydrate accumulation in cucumber leaves.Moreover, foliar spray with low concentrations of extract (250 and 500 ppm) enhanced cholorophyll content and decreased MDA and proline accumulation compared with control and Acetamipridtreated plants. It was concluded that these six extracts could be used as effective and environmentally sustainable bio-insecticides for the control ofB. tabaci(B biotype) without any adverse effects on host plants.

Abstract

Evaluation of Water Deficiency Impacts on Antioxidant Enzymes Activity and Lipid Peroxidation in Some Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L) Lines

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of drought stress on some quality traits of tomato, seven tomato lines were assessed in an experimental field at Ilam University at 2016. The layout was split into plots according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 levels of drought stress including 100, 60% and 40% of field capacity (FC) with 3 replications. The genotypes were including Kingstone, Peto Early، Bitstoik, LA1607, LA2656, LA2080 and LA1579. The effect of mild and severe drought stress on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were investigated. The statistical analysis showed that drought stress significantly affected all assessed traits Under drought condition, APX, CAT, chlorophyll content and RWC were reduced, but, proline and MAD content as well as electrolyte leakage were increased and the highest content was observed under severe drought stress (FC %40). The genotypes LA1607, LA2656, LA2080 and LA1579 identified as the most tolerant and King stone, Peto early and Bitstoik were the most susceptible genotypes.

Abstract

Phyto-constituents, Pharmacological Properties and Biotechnological Approaches for Conservation of the Anti-diabetic Functional Food Medicinal Plant Salacia: A Review Note

Background and Objective: Genus Salacia L. (Celastraceae) is a woody climbing medicinal plant consisting of about 200 species with many endangered species located throughout the world’s tropical areas. Various parts of the plant as food, functional food additive and tea have been extensively used to treat a variety of ailments like diabetes and obesity as well as inflammatory and skin diseases. The present work reviews the phytochemical properties, pharmacological activities, biotechnological strategy for conservation and safety evaluation of this valuable genus. Results and Conclusion: More efforts are needed to isolate new phytoconstituents from this important medicinal plant. The echanism of anti-diabetic action has not been done at molecular and cellular levels, thus the fundamental biological understanding is required for future applications. Though the safety of plant species has been well documented and has been confirmed by many toxicological studies, further toxicity research and clinical trials are recommended. In order to sustain harvest and conservation, agronomic practices for cultivation have to be developed. Establishment of more efficient protocols for in vitro propagation is necessary too. Approaches like genetic manipulation, hairy root culture, media standardization, and use of inducers/precursors for elevation of secondary metabolite levels could also be attractive. Conflict of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Abstract

Phyto-constituents, Pharmacological Properties and Biotechnological Approaches for Conservation of the Anti-diabetic Functional Food Medicinal Plant Salacia: A Review Note:

Background and Objective: Genus Salacia L. (Celastraceae) is a woody climbing medicinal plant consisting of about 200 species with many endangered species located throughout the world’s tropical areas. Various parts of the plant as food, functional food additive and tea have been extensively used to treat a variety of ailments like diabetes and obesity as well as inflammatory and skin diseases. The present work reviews the phytochemical properties, pharmacological activities, biotechnological strategy for conservation and safety evaluation of this valuable genus. Results and Conclusion: More efforts are needed to isolate new phytoconstituents from this important medicinal plant. The echanism of anti-diabetic action has not been done at molecular and cellular levels, thus the fundamental biological understanding is required for future applications. Though the safety of plant species has been well documented and has been confirmed by many toxicological studies, further toxicity research and clinical trials are recommended. In order to sustain harvest and conservation, agronomic practices for cultivation have to be developed. Establishment of more efficient protocols for in vitro propagation is necessary too. Approaches like genetic manipulation, hairy root culture, media standardization, and use of inducers/precursors for elevation of secondary metabolite levels could also be attractive.

Abstract

Ex Vivo Evaluation of Thymus daenensis as an Antioxidant and Antibacterial Medicinal Herb

Herbal medicines are defined as traditionally used natural products. The current study in an attempt try to investigate the antibacterial activity on extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), methalo beta-lactamases (MBL) producing gram negative bacteria and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and subsequently, to determine the antioxidant activity of Thymus daenensis. For this reasons, firstly cytotoxicity of T. daenensis was determined by MTT assay. Then, essential oil was subjected for antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Our results demonstrated that 15 mg/ml concentration of T. daenensis inhibited both P. aeruginosa producing MBL and E.coli producing ESBL, while this value was 25 mg/ml concentration for MRSA inhibition. The association between phenolic compound and antioxidant activity was found for the ABTS•+ method (43.52%) in the lowest level, while, for FRAD and DPPH• methods the opposite story occurred (70.5% correlation for DPPH• and 50.9% for FRAD). Our findings suggested that T. daenensis has a potential herbal medicine that should be considered as an antibacterial and antioxidant with very low toxicity.

Abstract

BIOTECHNOLOGY IN IRAN AND INDIA: NECESSITIES AND CAPACITIES FOR COOPERATION

Biotechnology is a novel technology which is considered as a powerful and effective tool to achieve sustainable development. In most developed countries and some developing countries, in order to benefit the advantages and applications of this technology, many efforts have been made. Creation and strengthening of regional and international relations as one of the key factors in development of the biotechnology industry could be heading a lot of research and leading negotiations among governments of different countries. Although Iran and India share many historical & cultural commonalities, in addition, the economic relations between the two countries have been constantly growing, but in this regard the role of biotechnology industry, products and related services, has largely been neglected. This paper is an attempt to elucidate the capabilities of Iran and India in biotechnology field and the necessity for the establishment and development of relations between two countries in this area. Research collaborations and joint ventures are regarded as appropriate fields for strengthen of biotechnological cooperation between Iran and India.

Abstract

Antioxidant activities and chemical composition of essential oils from Satureja khuzestanica, Oliveria decumbens and Thymus daenensis

The essential oils of Satureja khuzestanica (before flowering & full blooming), Oliveria decumbens and Thymus daenensis collected from Ilam province, Iran, were analyzed by GC and GC-MS and evaluated for their antioxidant activity using three methods: the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and 2,2-diphenyl-1- icrylhydrazyl (DPPH). All plant samples were also analyzed for total phenolic contents (TPC). The major compound of essential oils of S. khuzestanica at both stages was the phenolic monoterpene carvacrol (93.7 and 94.3 % respectively). The major components of T. daenensis essential oils were carvacrol (76.8 %), linalool (6.9 %), and trans- caryophyllene (6.3 %). The essential oil of O. decumbens was characterized as thymol (33.8 %), carvacrol (32.2 %), γ-terpinene (15.2 %) and p-cymene (14.9 %). The results obtained to evaluate the antioxidant activity and TPC showed that Thymus daenensis, Satureja khuzestanica and Oliveria decumbens essential oils can be considered good sources of natural compounds with significant antioxidant activity. For O. decumbens, a high antioxidant activity and TPC was observed, which is mainly due to the presence of thymol and carvacrol in the essential oil properties.

Abstract

Molecular genetic diversity of Satureja bachtiarica

Fifty-seven genotypes from eight populations of Satureja bachtiaricawas evaluated using fifteen ISSR and eleven RAPD markers. DNA profiling using RAPD primers amplified 84 loci, among which 81 were polymorphic with an average of 7.36 polymorphic fragments per locus. Also, using RAPD markers maximum and minimum polymorphic bands observed for Semyrom (77.38 %) and Farsan (40.48 %) populations, respectively. Semyrom population recorded the highest unbiased expected heterozygosity (0.259) and Shannon’s Indices (0.38). While, the lowest values of unbiased expected heterozygosity (0.172) and Shannon’s Index (0.245) were recorded for Eghlid and Farsan populations, respectively. On the other hand, ISSR primers produced 136 bands, from which 134 were polymorphic with an average of 9.06 polymorphic fragments per primer (98.52 %). The ISSR markers evaluation revealed that maximum and minimum polymorphic bands observed for Semyrom (66.18 %) and Farsan (31.62 %), respectively. Shahrekorud population recorded the highest unbiased expected heterozygosity (0.211) and Shannon’s Indices (0.301). While, the lowest value of unbiased expected heterozygosity (0.175) observed for Farsan and Yazd populations and the lowest Shannon’s Index (0.191) recorded by Farsan population. The overall results of the study revealed that both ISSR and RAPD markers were effective for evaluation of genetic variation of S. bachtiarica.

Abstract

IN VITROANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BLACK THYME (THYMBRA SPICATA L.) ESSENTIAL OILS

In order to study antimicrobial effects of essential oils of Wild Thyme (Thymbra spicata L.) on two Gram positive bacteria (Streptococcus agalactiae RJTTC1978 and Staphylococcus aureus RJTTC1885) and two Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli RJTTC2409 and Klebsiella pneumoniae RJTTC1097), the research carried out with five concentrations (0.2, 2, 4, 10 and 20 microl) using disk diffusion and microbroth dilution (to determine MIC and MBC) methods at Ilam University during 2010. Tetracycline and Gentamicin discs were used as control. Chemical composition of the EOs was analyzed by GC-MS. Antioxidant activity of the essential oils (EOs) was measured following DPPH assay. Results showed that Carvacrol (60.36%), gamma-Terpinene (15.09%), beta-Myrcene (2.15%), trans-Caryophyllene (1.78%) and alpha-Thujene (1.54%) were the main components of the oils. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity revealed that the oils were active against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. However, the biggest growth inhibitory zone (33.34 +/- 0.5 mm) was recorded on Streptococcus agalactiae at 20 microl/ml concentration. The lowest MIC (3.12 microl/ml) observed for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus agalactiae, while minimum MBC (6.25 microl/ml) recorded on Klebsiella pneumoniae. Radical-scavenging ability of the EOs and BHT ranged from 9.93 +/- 2.57 to 77.81 +/- 1.3% and 80.48 +/- 0.56 to 10.66 +/- 1.11%, respectively. The inhibiting effect of Thymbra oils was stronger than the synthetic BHT, particularly at lower concentrations, as IC50 concentration of EOs for the reduction of DPPH radicals was 1.28 microl/ml which was lower than IC50 calculated for BHT (1.31 microl/ml). The total phenolic content, determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method, was 1.52 +/- 0.15 mg PyE/ml EOs.

Abstract

Screening Wild and Cultivated Okra Species for Resistance to Important Pests

Ten Abelmoschus esculentus cultivars and 21 wild lines belonging to nine Abelmoschus species were evaluated for resistance to jassid (Amrasca biguttula biguttula), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and shoot and fruit borer (Earias spp.) in naturally infested fields for three seasons (summer and Kharif, 2004 and summer, 2005) at Rahuri. The results of screening for three seasons revealed that wild A. moschatus lines 1,2,3,4 and 5 were found to have least jassid (nymph) population per leaf while A. moschatus lines 1,2,3,4 and 5 and A. angulosus were found to have minimum mean whitefly (adult) population per leaf. Therefore, the above wild species were found resistant to jassid and whitefly incidence, respectively. Further, the study revealed that A. tuberculatus lines 1,2 and 3 were found immune to fruit borer infestation while A. tuberculatus lines 1,2 and 3, A. tetraphyllus lines 2,3,4 and 5 and A. manihot spp. tetraphyllus were found completely free from shoot borer infestation. However, none of the cultivated A. esculentus cultivars screened for three seasons was found resistant to above pests of okra.

Abstract

Correlation of environmental conditions with okra yellow vein mosaic virus coefficient of infection and Bemisia tabaci population density

The results revealed that minimum temperature had ...

Abstract

Tomato Breeding for Resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus(TSWV): an Overview of Conventional and Molecular Approaches

The disease caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) belongs to the most destructive diseases of tomato all over the world. Therefore, tomato has been subjected to many breeding efforts, including the incorporation of resistance to the virus. Recently emerged approaches, ideas and technologies could affect the future direction of the virus resistance breeding. In particular molecular techniques have provided opportunities in the form of linked molecular markers to speed up and simplify the selection of host resistance genes. Transformation of an inbred tomato line with the TSWV nucleoprotein gene cassette resulted in high levels of resistance to TSWV that have been retained in the hybrids derived from the parental tomato line. These and other techniques offer great opportunities for improving the virus resistance and, therefore, it is time to reconsider the future direction of resistance breeding in tomato. The effort has been made to review available sources of resistance, conventional breeding methods, marker-assisted selection, pathogen-derived resistance and transgenic resistance approaches in this paper.

Abstract

Pre-harvest spray of GABA and spermine delays postharvest senescence and alleviates chilling injury of gerbera cut flowers during cold storage

Short vase life, capitulum wilting, neck bending, and postharvest chilling injury (CI) are major disorders have negative impact on quality and marketing of gerbera cut flowers. Low storage temperatures prolonging the vase life, but on the other hand leads serious CI which decreases the quality and consumer preferences. Spermine (SPER) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were identified as anti-aging factors delay the senescence and elevate the chilling tolerance in many species. Greenhouse-grown gerbera cv. ‘Stanza’ sprayed with 2 mM SPER and 1 mM GABA twice (2 T) or thrice (3 T). Cut flowers were stored at 1.5 °C and 8 °C postharvest to study the effects of GABA and SPER on senescence and CI. Vase life, CI and quality of cut flowers were improved by GABA and SPER treatments. No CI was observed in GABA-treated flowers at 1.5 °C; while, flowers sprayed with water showed severe CI. GABA treatments efficiently prolonged the vase life for 6–7 days more than the control (15 days). GABA and SPER increased the fresh weight, solution uptake, protein and proline contents, catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities, while decreased the electrolyte leakage, H2O2, and malondialdehyde contents, polyphenol oxidase, lipoxygenase, and phospholipase D activities. GABA and SPER significantly prolonged the vase life and prevented degradation of proteins and chilling damage and increased capacity of detoxifying and scavenging of H2O2 and reactive oxygen species (ROS), led to alleviate the negative consequences of the senescence and CI.

Abstract

Antibacterial properties of Scrophularia striata Boiss. (Tashenehdari) extract on vase life improvement in “Stanza” and “Pink Elegance” gerbera cut flowers

Abstract Gerbera, an important cut flower in the floriculture industry, is sensitive to early wilting and bent neck, which consequently reduce its postharvest vase life. To investigate the anti-bacterial properties of Tashenehdari (Scrophularia striata Boiss.), the effects of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% Tashenehdari extract were studied on the bacterial population, vase life, and physiochemical attributes of “Stanza” and “Pink Elegance” gerbera cut flowers. The results showed that bacterial populations increased with time in vase solutions and the stem ends of cut flowers, which drastically decreased flower quality. However, treatments significantly reduced the bacterial population and increased the vase life of gerbera cut flowers. The gram-positive bacteria were affected more rapidly compared to gram-negative bacteria by Tashenehdari extract. “Stanza” showed higher quality and longer vase life compared to “Pink Elegance”. At ninth day postharvest, by increasing the concentration of Tashenehdari extract (from 0 to 2%), bacterial populations decreased in vase solutions and stem ends, along with electrolyte leakage (EL) of petals and stems, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline content, and polyphenol oxidase activity (PPO) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15472151. Consequently, the vase life of cut flowers, relative fresh weight (RFW), vase solution uptake (VSU), total soluble solids (TSS), total phenol content, and the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) increased. Our results suggest that the antibacterial properties of Tashenehdari extract due to the presence of chlorogenic acid, catechin and quercetin compounds. Since the best results were obtained using 1.5 and 2% Tashenehdari extract, these treatments may be useful as a natural antibacterial solution in the storage and transportation of gerbera cut flowers.

Abstract

The effects of salicylic acid and kaolin on growth, yield and some physiological responses of tomatoe under different irrigation intervals

Due to the dry climate and water shortage in Iran, the use of substances that can increase the plant's tolerance to water stress is very important. In this study, the effects of exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) and kaolin (KL) on drought stress tolerance of tomato plants was evaluated in field conditions. Experimental factors included foliar application (including control, 0.5 mM SA, 2.5% KL and simultaneous application of SA + KL) and irrigation intervals (at four levels of 2, 4, 6 and 8 days). The results showed that increasing the irrigation interval in tomato plant led to a decrease in growth and yield in this plant. As compared to the controls, irrigation intervals of 4, 6 and 8 days decreased total yield as much as 9, 11 and 21%, respectively. The relative water content, total chlorophyll, transpiration and photosynthesis decreased while malondialdehyde, proline, peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide increased with the increase of irrigation intervals. Both SA and KL were effective in reducing the adverse effects of drought stress on plant growth and productivity. Application of SA and KL improved plant growth and yield by increasing chlorophyll, relative water content, peroxidase activity, photosynthesis rate and transpiration. The highest effect of foliar spraying was observed at irrigation intervals of 6 and 8 days. The results also showed that the simultaneous application of SA + KL did not have a synergistic effect on plant growth and productivity in comparison to their separate application. According to the obtained results, the use of KL or SA is recommended to reduce the effects of prolonged irrigation on the tomato plant.

Abstract

Effect of Aloe vera gel and Arabic gum coating on quality characteristics of green bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) during storage

Background and objectives: In order to reduce the losses and preserve the quality of green bell peppers (“California Wonder” cultivar), this study was designed by using a factorial experiment in basic of completely randomized design in Ilam University at 2018. Experimental treatments were consisted immersion of fruits in Aloe vera gel 25% and 50%, Arabic gum 5% and 10%, Aoe vera 25%+Arabic gum5%, Aloe vera 25% + Arabic gum10%, Aloe Vera 50%+Arabic gum 5%, Aloe vera 50% + Arabic Gum 10% and control, which their effects on the characteristics of green bell pepper was investigated during 14 and 28 days of storage at 10 ̊C and RH 90%. Results and Discussion: The results showed that with increasing the storage period, the quality and marketability of pepper fruits decreased, but the experimental treatments maintained the quality and marketability of green bell pepper in storage. In this study, Arabic gum10%, Aloe vera 25% + Arabic gum 10% and Aloe vera 50% + Arabic gum 10% treatments in most of the studied characteristics were more effective in maintaining the quality of green bell peppers in storage. These treatments showed less weight loss and ion leakage compared to other treatments and maintained marketability, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total phenol, total antioxidant capacity, total chlorophyll and activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes during 28 days of storage. It is likely that a thicker layer and fewer exchanges of atmosphere surrounding the fruit would be due to the greater efficiency of 10% Arabic gum in these treatments than other treatments. Therefore, according to this results the use of Arabic gum 10% or in combination with Aloe vera gel 25 and 50% are recommended as a method for reducing losses and maintaining the quality and marketability of green bell peppers during the storing and marketing.

Abstract

The improvement growth indices and seed germination of Echinacea purpurea by some of pre-harvest and priming treatments of seeds

In order to investigate the pre-harvest and priming application effects of gibberellic acid, salicylic acid and nitrogen on seed germination indices of Echinacea purpurea, this experiment was designed on factorial experiment in base completely randomized design with three replications at 2018 in field conditions and laboratory in the department of horticultural science of Ilam University. Experimental factors included gibberellic acid at two concentrations (100 and 200 mg/L), salicylic acid at two concentrations (100 and 200 mg/L) and nitrogen (from urea sorce) at two concentrations (3 and 6 g/L) that were investigated separately and in combination with each other. Treatments were applied with control samples as pre-planting (before maturity and seed harvesting) and seed priming (after seed harvesting). The results showed that the highest germination percentage, vigor index and shoot length were obtained in pre-harvest interaction with gibberellic acid 200 mg/L and nitrogen 6 g/L. The highest germination rate was observed in gibberellic acid 200 mg/L and the highest seed dry weight was obtained in gibberellic acid 100 mg/L. The highest root length was observed in pre-harvest treatment with 200 mg/L of gibberellic acid and 200 mg/L of salicylic acid. Also, pre-harvest nitrogen treatment had significantly higher germination percentage, germination rate, vigor index, shoot length and dry weight than their priming. Therefore, in present study, preharvest treatments of gibberellic acid in combination with nitrogen or salicylic acid were introduced for improving the seed germination of Echinacea purpurea.

Abstract

The effect of time and stage of preharvest spraying by spermine and γ-aminobutyric ‎acid on vase life and postharvest quality of "Stanza" cultivar of Gerbera cut flowers

In order to maintain the postharvest quality and vase life of the "Stanza" cultivar of gerbera cut flowers, an experiment was designed as split-plot for time based on a completely randomized design, with four replications, at 2018 in horticulture department of Ilam university. The treatments consisted of preharvest application of Spermine 2 mM and γ-Aminobutyric acid 2mM (GABA), as sub-plot, at two stages (2T) of spraying (the stage of emergence of flower branch and 10 days later) and three stages (3T) of spraying (the stage of emergence of flower branch, 7 and 10 days later) that investigated, as the main plot, at 0, 3, 6 and 9 days postharvest at 22±1 °C and relative humidity of 65 to 70%. The results showed that, respectively, spermine 3T, spermine 2T, GABA 3T and GABA 2T treatments increased vase life and maintaind postharvest quality of Gerbera cut flowers compared to the control. The results of the 9th day showed that the highest fresh weight, absorption of vase solution (VSU), soluble solids, protein, phenol and total flavonoid, activity of the catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), as well as the lowest ion leakage (EL), malondialdehyde MDA and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity respectively were observed in Spermine and GABA treatments, and in some of the studied traits, there was no significant difference between two and three stages of spraying. Therefore, the use of spermine 3T as the best treatment in present study is recommended as an application method to increase the vase life of "Stanza" cultivar of gerbera cut flowers.

Abstract

Effects of gibberellic acid and salicylic acid application on morphophysiological characteristics and essential oil yield of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench

To investigate the effects of foliar application of gibberellic acid (GA3) and salicylic acid (SA) on the morphophysiological, biochemical, and yield characteristics of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, an experiment began as a factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the research farm of Agriculture Faculty, Ilam University, Iran, by sowing the plants in 2018 and continued by evaluating the plant characteristics for the two consecutive years (2018 & 2019). The experimental treatments included the foliar spray of plants during vegetative growth period with GA3 (0, 100, and 200 ppm) and SA (0, 100, and 200 ppm) as well as their combinations. The results showed that the highest plant height, number of flowers, and fresh and dry weight of the plants (in both years) were obtained in the GA3-200 ppm treatment and the highest amount of total chlorophyll and carotenoids (in both years) in the GA3-100 ppm one. The highest capitol diameter and fresh and dry weight of flowers in the first year and the highest anthocyanins content in the second year were observed in the GA3-200 ppm treatment. Also, the highest capitol diameter in the second year and the highest anthocyanins content in the first year were obtained in the SA-100 ppm treatment. In addition, the highest fresh and dry weight of flowers in the second year was recorded in the SA-200 ppm treatment. The highest essential oil amount of flowers, shoots (without flowers), and total essential oil (in both years) were obtained in the GA3-100 ppm+SA-100 ppm combination treatment. Considering that increasing the plant dry matter yield as well as essential oil content were the most important objectives of this study, the GA3-200 ppm treatment for the plant dry weight increase and the GA3-100 ppm+SA-100 ppm combination treatment for the essential oil content increase could be suggested as the best treatments.

Abstract

Effect of Irrigation Regimes and Training Method on Yield and Quality of Tomatoes Marmande cultivar

The experiment was performed as a factorial based on a completely randomized block design with 3 replications in the research farm of Ilam University in cropping year of 2016-2017. The irrigation levels including 80, 100, 120 and 140 percentages of the plant water requirement were assigned to the main plots and the two plant training systems including uprighting trunk and layering were assigned to the subplots. The results showed that increasing the amount of irrigation water (140%) lead to increase in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) yield and its important components. In addition, the highest yield, fruit size and number of plant in the each experimental unit were recorded in uprighting trunk method. Generally, using uprighting trunk method in combination with irrigation treatment including 120% plant water requirement was found best to improving yield and quality of tomato Marmande cultivar. Therefore, these treatments are suggested for increasing the yield and improving the quality of Marmande cultivar of tomato in climatic conditions of Ilam area.

Abstract

Effect of post-harvest application of putrescine on the vase life of cultivars of gerbera cut flowers (Stanza and Pink Elegance)

Gerbera, one of the important cut flowers, is sensitive to early wilting and neck bending which reduce its postharvest vase life. Towards improving the quality and the vase life of “Stanza” and “Pink Elegance” cut flowers, this study was conducted using putrescine by using a factorial experiment in basic of completely randomized design with 4 replications. The treatments were included postharvest spraying with 4 mM of putrescine, pulse treatment with 8 mM putrescine, permanent solution (vase life solution) with 2 mM putrescine and control. The results showed that Stanza cultivar had a higher vase life index and better quality than Pink Elegance cultivar in postharvest. All putrescine treatments increased vase life in both cultivars; however, the highest vase life was related to permanent treatments, pulse treatment, spraying treatment respectively. In most cases, all treatments maintain the postharvest quality of Gerbera cut flowers for four and eight days. in both cultivars permanent treatment has more relative fresh weight, VSU, marketability, TSS, CAT, PAL, and less of EC and MDA. In contrast, control has the lowest quality although in some cases, such as TSS, EC, CAT and PAL, there was no significant difference with postharvest spraying treatment. The best result was obtained once permanent treatment of putrescine and pulse treatment were used.

Abstract

The effect of Humic acid on growth and some physiological responses in African grass subjected to salinity stress

In order to investigate effect of humic acid (HA) on growth and some physiological parameters of bermuda grass under salinity stress, a factorial experiment was cinducted. The first factor was humic acid at four levels ( 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/l ) and the second factor was salinity at four levels (0, 5, 7 and 9 ds/m ). Results of variance analysis showed significant effects of the salinity and HA on plant growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline and antioxidant enzyme activity. Results showed that salinity stress imposed negative effects on plant growth and productivity. In salinity conditions, fresh and dry weight, leaf area and photosynthetic pigments reduced, but proline, malondialdehyde, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities increased. HA application improved growth parameters and increased chlorophyll content, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities of bermuda grass subjected to salinity and provided significant protection against salinity stress compared to non-HA-treated plants. The highest salinity tolerance was obtained with 150 mg/l HA application. In general, the results indicated that HA application, by altering in some tolerant responses, could be effectively used to protect plants from the adverse effects of high salt concentration.

Abstract

Effect of Harmel Extract on Bacterial Population in Vase Solution and Vase Life of ‘Stanza’ and ‘Pink Elegance’ Cultivars of Gerbera Cut Flower

Background and Objectives Gerbera is one of the important cut flowers in the floriculture industry, but it is sensitive to early wilting and neck bending which reduce its postharvest vase life. In cut flowers, water deficits are created when transpiration is more than water absorption. Therefore, petal wilting and neck bending increase in these flowers. These conditions are mainly due to occlusion of the vascular bundle, which can occur in different ways, such as the activity of pathogenic bacteria and other microorganisms in vascular bundle. In recent years, due to the adverse effects of chemical antimicrobial compounds on human health and the environment, many studies have been conducted to find replacement materials to maintain the quality and vase life of cut flowers in postharvest. Therefore, in this study, the effect of different concentrations of harmel aqueous-alcoholic extract (Peganum harmala L.) on bacterial population and vas life of ‘Stanza’ and ‘Pink Elegance’ cultivars of Gerbera cut flower were studied.

Abstract

Reaction of Different Genotypes of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to Drought Stress

12 hybrides of tomato and their parents were evaluated for their response to drought stress in a randomized complete block design with three replications and three irrigation levels (FC, 60%FC, and 40%FC). The studied genotypes were including Kingstone, Petoearly, Bitstoik, LA1607, LA2656, LA2080 and LA1579. Experiments on crossing the genotypes, seedling production and field evaluation, were done in experimental greenhouses and experimental field of Ilam University in 2014-2016. The studied traits consisted of proline, MDA, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, Relative Water Content (RWC), Chlorophyll a, b and total, electrolyte leakage, total yield, potential yield and single plant yield. The statistical analysis showed that drought stress significantly affected all assessed traits under drought condition. Increase in Proline and MDA content was observed in all genotypes under drought stress. The highest values of proline )31.93 µMgFW-1) was obtained under severe stress in Petoearly× LA2080. RWC, total yield, potential yield, single plant yield, Chlorophyll a, b, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase contents were reduced and proline, electrolyte leakage and peroxidase content were increased by increase in drought stress. Under severe drought stress, the highest amount of total yield (15.74 t.ha-1) was observed in LA2656×Petoearly hybrid, Petoearly line (19 t.ha-1) and LA1579 tester (32 t.ha-1).

Abstract

The Effect of GABA in Induction of Chilling Resistance in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Seedlings

In order to investigate the possibility of chilling resistance induction and reduce the chilling injury of cucumber seedlings, a factorial experimental based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in a greenhouse at Ilam University, Ilam Iran in 2018. The experimental factors were included concentrations of 0, 5, 10 and 15 mM gamma-aminobutric acid (GABA) and two methods of application including seed priming and foliar application at four true leaf stages. Treated plants were incubated at 3 °C for six nights and then investigated for different characteristics. Results showed that all GABA treatments reduced chilling injury in cucumber seedlings. Moreover, although there were no significant differences among the different GABA concentrations for most of the studied characteristics, seed priming was better than foliar application. The lowest chilling index, lipoxygenase activity and highest shoot fresh weight were observed in seed priming application of GABA but with no significant differences among GABA concentrations. The highest shoot dry weight (6.77 and 6.68 g.plant-1), chlorophyll index (20.57 and 21.07 mg.g-1 FW: leaf fresh weight), total protein (1.29 and 1.25 g.kg-1), proline (21.92 and 22.42 μmol.g-1 FW), catalase activity (115.67 and 126.9 U.g-1 FW) peroxidase (0.61 and 0.63 U.g-1 FW) and the lowest ion leakage (30.22 and 29.22 %), malondialdehyde (0.65 and 0.60 μmol.g-1 FW) and hydrogen peroxide (1.27 and 1.19 μmol.g-1 FW), were observed in seed priming application of 10 and 15 mM GABA concentrations, respectively. Therefore, seed priming application of 10 mM GABA is recommended for reducing the chilling injury in cucumber seedlings.

Abstract

Utilization of ISSR Molecular Markers in Identification of Diverse Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Lines for Hybridization

Tomato is one of vegetables of Solanaceae family that consumes in different ways. Tomato breeding for heterosis and resistance/tolerance to drought is an important program started since 2014 at Ilam University, for which identification of more variable parent lines was the main objective breeders. In the current research, in order to evaluate the relationship between and genetic distance of lines and isolation of the best parents among 36 tomato lines (collected from surround the globe) for hybridization, ISSR molecular markers were used. PCR reactions were performed using 11 primers which produced an appropriate and distinguishable model for the 36 studied genotypes. Totally 89 alleles were identified on agarose gel. Total number of alleles per primer ranged from 7 to 10. The highest and lowest polymorphism recorded for marker ISSR17 with 90 percent and marker LBMB B with 71 percent, respectively. Maximum and minimum of PIC were 0.45 (LBMB C, LBMB D, HB12) and 0.38 (ISSR17). The highest marker index (MI) was 3.8 (LBMB A) and 3.51 (primer 809), indicated a higher resolution of the primers compared to the others. Dice genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.10 to 0.96. Results of the research revealed that genotypes Solanum pimpinellifolium, S. chilense LA1959 and S. chilense LA1972 are the best choices for heterosis breeding and crossing with indigenous Iranian varieties.

Abstract

Combining Ability Estimates for Yield Some Traits in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) by Line×Tester

12 single crosses (F1) achieved by combining four testers and three commercial lines of tomato were evaluated for their response to water deficit stress and the combining ability of yield and some yield components. The layout was split plots according to randomized complete block design with three replications and three irrigation levels (FC, 60%FC and 40%FC). Crossing among lines and testers, seedling production and field evaluation, were conducted in greenhouses and field of Ilam University during 2014-2016. The studied genotypes were L1: Bitstoik, L2: Kingstone, L3: Petoearly, as lines, and T1: LA1607, T2: LA2656, T3: LA2080 and T4: LA1579 as Testers. The studied traits consisted of total yield, potential yield, yield per plant, number of fruits per plant, plant height and days to 50% flowering. The analysis of variance indicated that significant differences existed among, genotypes, parents, parents vs. crosses, crosses, lines, testers and line × tester for all studied traits on both non- stress and water deficit stress, which showed a significant difference between general combining ability (GCA) of parents and specific combining ability (SCA) of hybrids. In general, the parental testers, LA2656 (T2), LA1607 (T1) and Line L1 (Bitstoik) were found to have the highest GCA for total yield and potential yield, and the number of fruits per plant in both conditions. The Petoearly×LA1579 in non- stress, Bitstoik× LA1607 and Kingstone×LA1579 in mild and severe-stresses had the highest SCA for total yield. Analysis of variance for combining ability manifested the predominance of dominance gene action for total yield, yield per plant and potential yield. The general combining ability (GCA) effects were generally found higher than SCA effects in terms of the agronomic traits. As a result, the low ratio of δ2A/ δ2D showed that non-additive effects controlled the studied traits.

Abstract

Effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of some medicinal plants on control of Alternaria solani fungus causing tomato early blight disease

Tomato early blight disease, caused by Alternaia solani fungus, is one of the most important diseases of tomato in the world, and also in Iran. In order to investigate the antifungal activity of some medicinal plants to control this fungus, separate experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design under in vitro and greenhouse conditions. In the first experiment, the effect of concentrations of 200, 400 and 600 ppm of hydro-alcoholic extract (70% methanol and 30% water) of Thymbra spicata L., Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas, Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad and Oliveria decumbents Vent. with the negative (distilled water) and positive (Daconil, 3 g l-1) controls on the growth of A. solani fungus was studied under in vitro conditions. The results of the first experiment indicated complete inhibiting of fungal colony growth in all treatments. In the second experiment, 72 hours after contamination of tomato plants with A. solani fungus in an isolated greenhouse, contaminated plants were sprayed with the above-mentioned treatments and monitored for the disease symptoms 14 days later. In the third experiment, the protective effect of the above-mentioned treatments was studied. The results of the second and third experiments showed that with an increase in the extract concentration, the inhibitory and protective effects of the treatments increased. Although all treatments reduced the disease severity compared to the control, the concentrations of 600 ppm of T. spicata, 600 ppm of T. eriocalyx and 400 ppm of T. spicata, respectively had the most effective inhibitory and protective effects on the growth of fungus studied. Therefore, the use of the above treatments is recommended as a practical method for biological control of A. solani.

Abstract

Effects of extract and essential oil of Thymbra spicata L. and Satureja bachtiari L. on improving quality and vase life of cut flower Gerbera jamesoni L.

The vascular obstruction due to the growth of microbial agents, especially bacteria, is one of the most important reasons for reducing the quality and vase life of cut flowers in the postharvest stage. In order to investigate the effect of extract (1 and 2 %) and essential oil (EO) (25 and 50 ppm) of Thymbra spicata L. and Satureja bachtiarica L. on bacterial population and vase life of cut flower Gerbera jamesonii L. var. Pink Elegance, this experiment was designed as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that the experimental treatments, by reducing the bacterial population at the end of flower branch, maintained the quality and increased the vase life of flowers (up to three days in treatment with 50 ppm of S. bachtiarica EO, compared with the control samples. Also, the antibacterial activity and vase life of cut flowers increased by increasing the concentration of EO and extract of both medicinal plants. After eight days of storage, the results showed that the maximum vase life (11 days), relative absorption of vase solution (8.95 ml/g FW per day), and the lowest bacterial population of the end of the flower branch were related to 50 ppm of S. bachtiarica EO treatment. However, in terms of relative fresh weight, total soluble solids, anthocyanin content, ion leakage, malondialdehyde content, and the activity of catalase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzymes, there was no significant difference between two treatments of 50 ppm EO from medicinal plants T. spicata L. and S. bachtiarica L. Therefore, the use of 50 ppm EO of S. bachtiarica, and in the second rank of T. spicata, is recommended as a practical method in the process of postharvest and marketing of gerbera cut flowers.

Abstract

Effects of Superabsorbent Polymer on Yield and Some characteristics of Tomato under Various Irrigation Regimes

In order to evaluate the effect of the super absorbent polymer application on tomato plant under different irrigation intervals in field condition, an split plot experiment in a completely randomized block design (CRBD) at three replications was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station, University of Ilam, Iran at 2013. Main plot consisted of four levels of irrigation (2, 4, 6 and 8 days) and sub-plot was consisted of super absorbent (100, 170, 240 and 310 kg.ha-1). The Fruits were harvested at the ripening stage and traits were assessed. Results showed significant effects of irrigation and superabsorbent polymer on total yield and plant physiological parameters including relative water content (RWC), water use efficiency (WUE), chlorophyll and proline content of leaves and electrolyte leakage. In drought conditions total yield, RWC, WUE and chlorophyll reduced but electrolyte leakage, proline content and WUE increased. Application of super absorbent lead to decreases on the negative effects of drought on the studied traits. Application of superabsorbent polymer significantly increased total yield, RWC, WUE, chlorophyll and reduced electrolyte leakage and proline content. The results clearly showed that the use of super absorbent polymer can expand irrigation intervals in planting tomatoes without loss of yield and product quality.

Abstract

Effects of Superabsorbent Polymer on Yield and Some characteristics of Tomato under Various Irrigation Regimes

To evaluate the effect of the super absorbent polymer application on tomato plant under different irrigation intervals in field condition, an split plot experiment in a completely randomized block design (CRBD) at three replications was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station, University of Ilam, Iran at 2013. Main plot consisted of four levels of irrigation (2, 4, 6 and 8 days) and sub-plot was consisted of super absorbent (100, 170, 240 and 310 kg per hectare). The Fruits were harvested at the ripening stage and traits were assessed. Results showed significant effects of irrigation and superabsorbent polymer on total yield and plant physiological parameters including relative water content (RWC), water use efficiency (WUE), chlorophyll and proline content of leaves and electrolyte leakage. In drought conditions total yield, RWC, WUE and chlorophyll reduced but electrolyte leakage, proline content and WUE increased. Application of super absorbent lead to decreases on the negative effects of drought on the studied traits. Application of superabsorbent polymer significantly increased total yield, RWC, WUE, chlorophyll and reduced electrolyte leakage and proline content. The results clearly showed that the use of super absorbent polymer can expanding irrigation intervals in planting tomatoes without loss of yield and product quality.

Abstract

Effects of Different Sources and quantities of Nitrogen Fertilizers on Physiological Parameters of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum L.)

Today, due to positive effect of nitrogenous fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of agricultural crops, irregular use of fertilizers is increased. In order to evaluate the effects of different sources and quantities of nitrogen fertilizers on some of physiological properties of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum L.) medicinal plant, an experiment was carried out as a randomized block design with four replications at research farm, department of horticulture, Ilam University during summer 2015. Treatments included different levels of (0, 25, 50 and 100 kg/h) from Urea and Calcium Nitrate fertilizer sources and Amino Acid with four concentrations: 0, 1,2 and 4 g/l. Studies traits were including photosynthetic pigments content (Chlorophyll a &b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids) fiber percentage, Carbohydrates content, proteins percentage and essential oil yield of leaves. Results showed that sources and quantities of nitrogen significantly affected all studied parameters. The highest pigments’ content, protein and essential oil yield of leaves obtained from 4 g/l amino acid treatment; the highest leaf fiber from 100 kg/h calcium nitrate and the highest leaf carbohydrate content obtained from control plants and increasing in nitrogen from all three sources led to decrease in carbohydrates content. The research revealed that using different sources and quantities of nitrogen fertilizers (especially amino acids) have positive effects on improvement of physiological traits of fenugreek and application of nitrogen can be advised for increasing quality of the leafy vegetable and medicinal plant.

Abstract

Evaluation of effect of gibberellins and calcium spray in different growth stages on some qualitative and quantitative traits of sweet pepper

In order to improve yield and quality of sweet pepper cv. ‘California Wonder’ in Ilam province, effects of gibberellins (GA3 50 mg/l) or calcium (CaCl2 0.5 percent) spray at beginning or the end of harvesting season (70 and 120 days after transplanting, respectively) were evaluated. Either of the chemicals were sprayed two or three times per growth stage through a factorial assay on the basis of a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Results showed that gibberellic acid and calcium spray increased average yield in plant, weight, length, diameter, volume, texture stiffness, flesh thickness, dry weight, ascorbic acid content, antioxidant activity, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, as well as calcium content of fruits in both growth stages. Gibberellins with three sprays per growth stages performed the highest positive role in improvement of physical properties of fruits. Effect of gibberellins and calcium on all evaluated traits, except fruit density, were significantly higher at the late harvesting stage than early stages. Therefore, gibberellic acid and calcium spray especially at the end of harvesting season may be advised to improve yield and quality of sweet pepper.

Abstract

Evaluation of Tomato Yield and Quality under Deficit Irrigation conditions and Simultaneous Application of Superabsorbent Polymer, Shading and Mulches

Introduction Drought is one of the most important environmental factors that influences on yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Peralta & Spooner) in arid and semi-arid regions. Drought stress causes different physiological effects on plant growth. Vegetable crops are more sensitive to water shortage and any deficit in providing water requirement of plant leads to considerable reduction of yield (Sadreghaen et al. 2010). For future global food security, water use in agriculture must become sustainable. Agricultural water-use efficiency and water productivity can be improved by many approaches and strategies. Super absorbent polymers (SAP) as a soil improvement substance (Montazer, 2009), covering soil by different types of mulches and blocking a part of sun light by shading have been used effectively to increase the water use efficiency sustainability of production in agriculture systems. But, still there is a limited knowledge on interactions of SAPs, plastic mulches and shading under deficit irrigation on yield and quality of tomato. Material and Methods In order to evaluate the effects of SAP, black plastic mulches and decreasing light intensity under deficit irrigation on yield and quality of tomato ‘Early Urbana VF 132- 7171’ fruits, the current research carried out in a field experiment at department of Horticulture, Ilam University during 2014 using a 3 × 8 × 3 split plot assay based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factor. The main factor was including three irrigation intervals (once after 3, 6 or 9 days equivalent to soils field capacity) and sub-factor was including eight treatments viz., mulch, superabsorbent, shading, mulch + superabsorbent, mulch + shading, superabsorbent¬ + shading, mulch + shading + superabsorbent and control. Light intensity was measured by a digital exposure meter ‘Mastech MS6610’. Data were subjected to ANOVA using SAS software version 9.3. Verification of significant differences was done usi

Abstract

Effect of Cellophane and Chitosan Coatings on Qualitative and Biochemical Characteristics of Sweet Pepper, Cultivar “California wonder” during Storage

Introduction Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) from Solanaceae family is one of the most important vegetables which are fruit pods on the capsicum plant grown for their sweet fruits and delicate peppery flavor they extend to the recipes. Sweet pepper contains an impressive list of plant nutrients that found to have disease preventing and health promoting properties. Unlike in other fellow chili peppers, it has very less calories and fats. 100 g provides just 31 calories. Because of their versatility, low calories, intense flavor and high concentration of vitamins, sweet peppers are a great snack raw and an easy addition to many different recipes. In recent years extending shelf-life of this perishable vegetable has been accomplished (Banaras et al., 2005). The losses in vegetable quality and quantity between harvest and consumption affect the crop productivity. It is estimated that the magnitude of the postharvest losses of fresh horticultural crops is from 5 to 25% in developed countries and of 20 to 50% in developing countries. Fresh peppers are often eaten raw and supplied pre-cut to manufacturers as ready-to-use ingredients. However, the main problems limiting their shelf life occur by shriveling, decay development on the cut surface, as well as degreening of the vegetable among different degraded quality characteristics (Sakaldas and Kaynas, 2010). Those problems are correlated to an undesirable loss of water during metabolism or diffusion through the skin and respiration. Temperature management is the most effective tool for extending the shelf life of fresh horticultural commodities. Nowadays, to reduce high losses and keeping product’s quality, in addition to lowering temperature, coating and packing must be noticed. Therefore, in this study, dipping in chitosan solution and coatings by edible Chitosan was assayed to improve quality of sweet peppers storability during cold storage. Material and Methods Plant material and sample preparation: Green peppers

Abstract

The Effects of Preharvest Calcium and Gibberellin Treatments on Sweet Pepper Chilling Injury During Storage

Sweet pepper is chilling sensitive and symptoms such as color changes, softening, quality loss and fungal infections are chilling injury symptoms. In the present study, the effects of preharvest 0.5 % CaCl2 and 50 mgl-1 gibberelic acid treatments, at two and three spraying times were investigated on some qualitative characteristics and control of chilling injury in cv. California Wonder during cold storage. Results showed that calcium and gibberellin treatments, as comparison to the control treatment had lower levels of chilling injury and the lowest chilling injury was observed in CaCl2 treatment at three sparying times. Calcium treatment had lower level of MDA than gibberellin treatment and gibberellin treatment had lower level of MDA than the control treatment. In all treatments, firmness and titratable acidity were more and TSS was less than those of control. Ascorbic acid content and antioxidant capacity of calcium and gibberellin treatments were more than those of control. The highest amount of calcium was observed in CaCl2 treatments. The gibberellin treatments had also more calcium than control. No significant differences were observed between two and three times sparying in most of qualitative characteristics. Therefore application of, both CaCl2 and gibberellin treatments resulted in maintetance of quality and reduction of chilling injury in sweet pepper during cold storage and could be used for improvement postharvest life of this fruit.

Abstract

Effect of explant origin and different concentrations of growth regulators on optimization of cell suspension in Satureja bachtiarica L.

Satureja bachtiarica L., belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is rich in essential oils, used for various purposes including pharmaceutical, food, and health applications. In vitro culture of Satureja, in order to callus induction and optimization of cell suspension, provides rapid production and easy extraction of secondary metabolites. In the present study, callus induction was conducted by using different explants and concentrations of growth regulators. The most suitable calli were selected to induce suspension cultures and were transferred to liquid media supplemented with different combination of BAP and NAA. The experiment was performed in a factorial completely randomized design by using three replications. The cell biomass (cell number) was examined on different days. The mean comparison results for the explant origin showed that the internode explant produced the highest cell number. In addition, evaluation of interaction of explants with media showed that the maximum cell biomass was obtained by internode explant and the medium containing 2mg.L-1 NAA plus 0.5mg.L-1 BAP in the fifth day. On the other hand, study of growth process and cell proliferation during the days after the establishment of suspension cultures, also revealed that this hormonal composition had the highest utility to generate the maximum number of cells in all explants tested.

Abstract

Optimization of Callus Culture of Satureja Bachtiarica L. using Different Explants and Concentrations of Growth Regulators

Satureja bachtiarica L, an important medicinal plant from Lamiaceae family is valuable because of its medical compounds. Optimization of in vitro culture through callogenesis is proposed to be an alternative for vegetative propagation. In present study, an efficient protocol has been developed for callus induction of S. bachtiarica using different explants and concentrations of plant growth regulators on MS basal medium. Results indicated that the highest rate of callogenesis (16.82±0.94 days after culture) and callus volume (14.17±0.47) were achieved from internodes explants. On the other hand, for percentage of callus induction, shoot tips, internodes and nodal segments explants were more efficient than that of leaves explants. According to the results, the nodal segments cultured on medium supplemented with 1 mgl-1 BAP plus 1 mgl-1 NAA led to a remarkable decrease in induction rate of calli. Maximum callus volume was obtained from internodes explants cultured on medium supplemented with 0.5 mgl-1 BAP plus 0.5 mgl-1 NAA.

Abstract

Evaluation of some of physiological indices of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant under different irrigation intervals and superabsorbent polymer A200

Water deficiency stress as the most important abiotic stress plays an important role in the yield supression of plants worldwide. Considering physiological indices to improve drought resistance is of paramount importance. The objective of present study was to evaluate the effects of different irrigation intervals (irrigation after 5, 7, 9 and 11 days) and rates of superabsorbent polymer (Nil, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 percent of pot medium weight) on some physiological parameters of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant under greenhouse condition. The study carried out at College of Agriculture, Ilam University during 2009-2010 using a factorial layout in randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications. Statistical analysis showed significant effects of the irrigation and superabsorbent polymer on plant physiological parameters including leaf relative water content (RWC), water use efficiency (WUE), total soluble solids (TSS), chlorophyll, proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. In drought conditions RWC, WUE and chlorophyll a reduced but MDA accumulation, proline content and TSS increased. Application of superabsorbent polymer significantly caused increasing of RWC, WUE, chlorophyll a and decreasing of MDA content, proline and TSS. Our results showed that superabsorbent polymers can absorb and retain extremely large amounts of water and decreased adverse effects of drought stress on the plants.

Abstract

Physiological evaluation and yield of cucumber infected by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) under effect by six medicinal plant extracts

Plant-derived extracts and essential oils may function as environmentally friendly nonpersistent bio-pesticides that are safe for humans as well as other animals. In this study, we investigated the effects of six endemic plant extracts as well as commercial insecticides against Bemisia tabaci and some physiological responses in cucumber as the host plant at field conditions. The plant extracts and Stamipride as chemical pesticide were sprayed on the plants at 250, 500 and 1000 ppm concentrations. All extracts led to the reduced number of adults as compared with control, among which the greatest impact on the control of this pest was recorded for the extract of Oliveria decombens. Application of all extracts especially at concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm significantly increased the number of first and second grade fruits. The content of potassium significantly increased and the content of calcium decreased by increasing the concentration of extracts from 250 to 1000 ppm. Results showed that application of extracts and pesticide, especially at high concentrations, imposed negative effects on plant and significantly increased the antioxidant activity in cucumber leaves. In general, all extracts used, especially the extract of Oliveria decombens at a low concentration (250 ppm) was extremely efficient in controlling the adult population of Bemisia tabaci without adverse effects on host plants compared with the commercial insecticide.

Abstract

Effects of White Willow aqueous extract and Cellophane coverage on disease infection and quality of Apricot in storage

Apricot is one of the most important temperate fruits. Fast softening, diseases and pests’ infection, and declining fruit juiciness and freshness are the main apricot’s postharvest problems. In the current research, effects of white willow (Salix alba L.) aqueous extract with two concentrations 2 and 4 percent along with cellophane coverage were evaluated on disease infection and quality of apricot fruits cultivar “Shaahroodi” before storage, 7 and 14 days after storage at 4°C. Analysis of variances showed that interactions of treatments and storage period were significant for all traits except antioxidant activity. Results revealed that extending storage period, declined quality of fruits, but treating with willow extract and cellophane coverage more effectively conserved fruits quality and controlled fungal diseases. For most of traits, no difference was observed between 2 or 4 percent concentration of willow extract. Treatments with cellophane coverage conserved fruits quality better than those without cellophane however, using cellophane without application of willow extract could result in increasing disease incidence. Thus, according to the results, a complex treatment of both willow extract and cellophane film for storage processing of apricot is recommended.

Abstract

Thrips species (Insecta: Thysanoptera) associated with different families of vegetables in Hamedan province (Iran)

In the present study, various species of thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) on vegetables belonging to eight plant families of Hamedan province during 2014–2016 were collected and identified. For this purpose, different parts of vegetables (leaves and flowers) were shaken on white dish, and thrips specimens were transferred to alcohol 75%. In the laboratory, thrips specimens were macerated by KOH 10% and after dehydration, their mounted on slides using Hoyer’s medium. Totally, 10 genera and 19 thrips species from three different families were identified. Amongst them, three species i.e. Aeolothrips intermedius, A. versicolor and Scolothrips longicornis are as predator, and other species are phytophagous thrips. All plants (especially their flowers) were infected with one or more species of thrips. Thrips tabaci, Aptinothrips rufus, Thrips major and Chirothrips manicatus had high number on vegetables, among them the onion thrips were collected from almost all vegetables. Most damage of onion thrips was observed on onion and garlic from family Alliaceae and cucumber from family Cucurbitaceae. The onion thrips and Frankliniella species had significance damage on plants family Fabacaea, especially beans. Among the predators, Aeolothrips intermedius had a relatively large population in the vegetable farms.

Abstract

Evaluation of Phytochemical Composition of Sahandian Savory (Satureja sahendica Bornm.) Essential Oils at Different Phenological Stages

Introduction Sahandian Savory (Satureja sahandica Bornm.) is an indigenous perennial aromatic plant growing in the West and North West of Iran. Its growing season starts from March till end of September. Oil and its quality are abundantly variable among different Savory species (Ahmadi et al., 2009). Although, Thymol, p-Cymene and γ-Terpinen have been determined as the main components of Sahandian Savory oil by Sefidkon et al. (2004), little data on its Phytochemistry and phenology genealogy? is available. The present study investigated the phytochemical properties of essential oils of (S. sahendicaBornm.) at different harvest times from Pakal habitat and a specimen grown in greenhouse. Materials and methods The aerial parts of plants were collected on one month intervals from 20th April till 20th September. A specimen cloned from the wild plants and grown in research greenhouse, college of Agriculture, Ilam, was harvested at full blooming stage in September. Essential oils were extracted using Clevenger apparatus by hydrodistillation. Isolation and identification of oil components were carried out by gas chromatography (GC) and coupled gas chromatography with mass spectrometer (GC/MS) at Medicinal Plants and Drug Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran. Antioxidant activity and total phenol content were measured following Singleton et al. (1999) methods, respectively. Results and discussion The ANOVA showed that harvest time significantly affected oil yield of samples at one percent of probability. Mean comparison analysis revealed that the maximum and minimum oil yield were belonged to May (0.42%) and September (0.19%) harvests, respectively. The essential oil percentage of plants grown in greenhouse were extremely low and negligible samples collected from their natural habitat. Analysis of variances for antioxidant activity and total phenol content showed that the traits were also significantly affected by harvest time.

Abstract

Effect of potassium nitrate (KNO3) on some morphological and physiological characteristics of two tropical lawn (Cynodon dactylon L. and paspalum vaginatum L.) under salinity stress condition

High level of sodium chloride is known to be the most widespread cause of saline soil environmental stress in dry and semi dry lands that caused to cease growth and yield of crop species. An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of potassium nitrate on certain of morphological and physiological characteristics of two tropical lawn; Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum vaginatum under salt stress through 1390-91at the Research Farm Station of Horticultural at the Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz. plants were treated with four different concentration of potassium nitrate (0, 5, 10, 15 ml) and four different concentration of sodium chloride (0, 4, 6, 8 des/m). results of this experiment have showed that salinity significantly effect on growth parameters at the probability level of 1%. It was observed that when salt stress increases, the saline soil significantly caused to reduce leaf length and width, LAI, length and diameter of stem and stolon, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, RWC and chlorophyll content, whereas proline and electrolyte leakage have increased due to accumulation of salt within the soil. Amung (KNO3) treatments application of l0 ml was recognized as the best treatment that (p≤0.01) showed positive interaction effect on the plant cheracters except total chlorophylls and leaf area.

Abstract

The effect of 5-aminolevolinic acid on some physiological responses of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) under drought stress

In this study, the effect of 5-Aminolevolinic acid (ALA), a key precursor in the biosynthesis of porphyrin and the new plant growth regulator, was studied on some physiological responses of coriander plant under drought stress. The layout was a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three levels of drought stress (irrigation within 100%, 60% and 30% field capacity) and four concentrations of ALA (0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1mM) as factors. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of agricultural faculty of Ilam University in 2010. Statistical analysis showed the significant effects of the drought and ALA on plant physiological parameters including leaf relative water content (RWC), water use efficiency (WUE), praline, malondialdehyde (MDA) and chlorophyll content. In drought conditions, chlorophyll content and RWC were reduced but MDA accumulation, praline content and WUE increased. ALA application significantly caused increasing of RWC, WUE, chlorophyll content and proline accumulation and decreasing of MDA content in plant. In this study, ALA treatment with increasing of praline and chlorophyll content and reducing of MDA accumulation decreased the adverse effects of drought stress on the coriander plant.

Abstract

The Effect of 5-aminolevolenic Acid and Drought Stress on Growth Parameters, Chlorophyll Index and Antioxidant Activity of Coriander (Corianderum sativum L.)

Drought stress is a major constraint for crop production in arid and semiarid regions, such as Iran. In this study the effect of 5-aminolevolinic acid (ALA), the new plant growth regulator, on Coriander (Corianderum sativum L.) plants under drought stress was studied. The layout was factorial experiment in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 levels of drought stress including stress-free conditions (irrigation within the field capacity), mild stress (humidity of soil about 60% of field capacity) and severe stress (humidity of soil about 30% of field capacity) and 4 concentrations of ALA (including 0 (as a control), 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mM) as main factors and 4 replication. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of agricultural faculty of Ilam University. Statistical analysis showed significant effects of the drought and ALA on plant growth parameters, chlorophyll index and antioxidant activity. Result showed that drought stress imposed negative effects on plant growth and productivity. In drought conditions, plant height, leaf area, plant and leaf dry and fresh weight and chlorophyll index reduced but antioxidant activity increased. ALA application significantly caused increasing of plant height, leaf area, plant and leaf dry and fresh weight, chlorophyll index and antioxidant activity. ALA treatment with increasing of chlorophyll and antioxidant activity decreased adverse effects of drought stress on coriander plants. These results suggest that ALA has plant growth regulating properties at low concentrations and may enhance agriculture productivity under drought condition.

Abstract

An Evaluation of the Effecs of Plastic and Organic Mulches and Different Shading Levels on Yield and Quality of Tomato in Term of Water (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)

Effects of different Mulches and Saran shading on yield and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Early Urbana VF) were studied at Ilam University, Ilam, Iran in 2009. The research work was carried out using a 4×4 split plot experimental arrangment through a Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) of three replications, where shading levels of 0%: no shading; 40%: white; 55%: double-layered white and 60%: green saran clothes constituted the main plot while different types of mulches [Clear Polyethylene (CP); Black Polyethylene (BP); Straw mulch (SW)] vs Bare Soil (BS) acting as control. Results indicated that the use of BP and 60% shade resulted in maximum marketable fruit weight (52.5 t/h (and average fruit weight (103.56 g), while the use of BP leading to maximum total yield (57.8 t/h). The use of BP along with 60% shade led to the number of cracked fruits to be minimized. The least number of BER fruits was recorded for CP along with 60% shade. Applying BP along with 55% shade resulted in minimum Blossom End Rot (BER) fruits (1.75 t/h). Applying BP and 40% shade resulted in a minimum yield of cracked fruits (1.07 t/h). The highest length of fruit recorded for composite treatments of BP along with 55% and 60% shading. Maximum fruit diameter was obtained under BS along with 60% shade. Pericarp thickness reached the highst level under 60% shade. Under 0% shade and BS, fruit acidity reached the maximum level (%43). Total soluable solids (5.96%) reached its maximum )0.43%) under 0% shading. With 60% shade along with CP, a maximum number of main branches was counted. The use of BP resulted in achieving the highest number of marketable as well as total number of fruits. The treatments didn,t affect the early ripening of fruits. Between the maximum and minimum time of harvest, it lasted 17.7days. It is concluded that the use of BP and 60% shade in areas where sunlight is more than 20000 lux, the quality and quantity properties of tomato crop will improve.

Abstract

Evaluation of effects of different irrigation water acidity on quantity and quality of two geranium cultivar

Abstract

Effect of cinnamic acid on shelf life and quality of button mushroom at postharvest period

Introduction: Button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus L.) is one of the most famous and widely consumed edible mushrooms that is grown all over the world. However, button mushrooms have a short shelf life of about 3 to 4 days after harvest and lose their commercial value within a few days due to browning of the tissue, water loss, aging and microbial attack. Tissue browning is caused by the activity of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in plastids on phenolic compounds in the vacuoles as a substrate. Therefore, enzymatic browning is intensified by the loss of membrane integrity due to aging and tissue deterioration and as a result of physical connection between the enzyme and the substrate. The use of some techniques such as the chemicals and physical treatments gives promising results in delaying Browning and increasing the shelf life of edible mushrooms. Cinnamic acid (CA) is an organic acid that occurs naturally in plants and has low toxicity and a wide range of biological activities. Cinnamic acid and its derivatives are widely used in food industry. This compound acts as an inhibitor of polyphenol oxidase activity. On the other hand, cinnamic acid in low concentration has been proposed as an activator of the antioxidant system and its positive effects on reducing the effects of environmental stresses in various plants have been proven in several experiments. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of cinnamic acid treatment on reducing the browning of the tissue and maintaining the quality of white button mushrooms in the post-harvest period has been investigated.

Abstract

Effect of Irrigation water acidifying on quality and quantity of racemous carnation cutflower cv. Aranka

This research was studied during 2000 -2001 in one of the greenhouses of Khaadem nursery, Varaamin, Iran. In this research the effect of irrigation water acidifying on the quality and quantity of racemose carnation cutflower Var. "ARANKA" was studied and treatments included to acidity levels of irrigation water (A1: normal with pH = 7.6, A2: acidic water with pH=6+0.1). At the end of the experiment, results showed that irrigation water acidification increased number of stems per plant and square meter, number of closed buds and total number of buds on stem and post harvest vase life, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Boron, Iron and decreasing on Nitrogen leaf content, significantly. But, the effect on the length and thickness of stem, number of opened buds on stem, stem flexibility, and Phosphorous leaf content weren't significant.

Abstract

The effect of Thyme essential oil on organoleptic properties and control of postharvest tissue browning of Agaricus bi sporus L.

Abstract

Optimization of quality and marketing indices of Agaricus bisporus L. affected by cinnamon essence during packaging and storage

Abstract

Study of efficacy of Lavender aqua-alchoholic extract on fungi causing anthracnose of cucurbits

Abstract

Effect of Irrigation water acidity amendment on quality and quantity of carnation cutflower

Abstract

The effect of potassium nitrate and gibberellic acid on germination of Thymbra spicata

Abstract

Increase the yield and size of fruit juice powder by gibberellin treatment

Abstract

Effect of Calcium Chloride on Control of Cattle Cartilage in Cultured Pepper Fruit in Field Farming.